日本三菱柴油發(fā)電機(jī)、常見故障與排除 柴油機(jī)保養(yǎng)維修技巧

1 啟動(dòng)困難

1.1 三菱發(fā)電機(jī)故障現(xiàn)象
柴油發(fā)電機(jī)在起動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)下,轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速,但不能啟動(dòng),通常表現(xiàn)為:
(1)啟動(dòng)時(shí)無爆發(fā)聲,排氣口無煙排出,不能啟動(dòng).
(2)啟動(dòng)時(shí)可聽到連續(xù)的爆發(fā)聲,有白煙或少量黑煙,但不能啟動(dòng).

1.2 三菱發(fā)電機(jī)故障原因
(1)低壓油路的故障
1)油箱內(nèi)無油或油面太低,吸管吸不上油.
2)油管破裂,油管接頭松動(dòng)漏油.
3)供油系統(tǒng)有空氣或管路不通,造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不著火.
4)柴油中有水,冬季結(jié)冰,造成管路不通;冬季使用的柴油標(biāo)號(hào)不符,造成柴油析蠟,堵塞濾清器及油管.
5)長期不清洗,不更換柴油濾清器濾芯,造成堵塞.
6)噴油泵溢流閥彈簧折斷或被異物墊起,使柴油從低壓油路流回柴油箱,從而使低壓油路不能保持一定油壓,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不著火.

（2）三菱發(fā)電機(jī)輸油泵故障
1)止回閥裝配不當(dāng),或者使用時(shí)間過長,使閥座面磨損過甚.
2)濾網(wǎng)堵塞.
3)輸油泵的柱塞發(fā)咬,或彈簧折斷,或磨損嚴(yán)重,輸油泵不能正常供油.
4)輸油泵推桿咬住.
5)手油泵活塞密封不嚴(yán).
(3)供油傳動(dòng)系的故障
   1)調(diào)速器傳動(dòng)桿件磨損過甚,使供油齒條拉桿不能達(dá)到啟動(dòng)油量和額定供油量的位置.
   2)停油汽缸卡死在最低油位,不能使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)著火,或停油汽缸的連接部分脫落.
   3)操縱桿連接銷軸磨損嚴(yán)重,不起控制作用.

(4)三菱發(fā)電機(jī)噴油泵的故障
1)調(diào)正齒桿咬死,或柱塞因彈簧折斷而卡住,使供油齒桿始終停留在停車位置.
2)柱塞磨損過甚,或柱塞在套筒中卡住.
3)齒輪磨損嚴(yán)重,使柱塞和挺桿的間隙過大,造成泵油量下降,導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng) 機(jī)不著火.
4)供油調(diào)整齒圈的鎖緊螺栓松動(dòng)或脫落,使泵的供油量改變.
5)出油閥有污物墊起,或出油閥彈簧折斷而漏油或者一閥發(fā)卡.
6)噴油泵聯(lián)軸器接合盤損壞,或者聯(lián)軸器螺栓松動(dòng),使供油時(shí)間變化,導(dǎo) 致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不著火.
7)噴油泵傳動(dòng)軸和傳動(dòng)齒輪連接松脫,造成噴油泵不工作.
8)中間正時(shí)齒輪或噴油泵傳動(dòng)齒輪打壞.
（5）三菱發(fā)電機(jī)噴油器的故障
1)高壓油泵接頭松動(dòng)或高壓油管破裂.
2)噴油嘴堵塞或噴油嘴針閥由于過熱而卡死.
3)噴油嘴偶件磨損嚴(yán)重,漏油,霧化不好.
4)噴油嘴噴霧壓力變化,壓力過低,不能燃燒.
5)噴油嘴損壞.
6)密封墊不密封,漏氣.

    1.3 三菱發(fā)電機(jī)故障的判斷和排除
(1)首先檢查油箱的油位,如果無油或油位太低,應(yīng)加注.油位加足后,用手油泵供油,并打開柴油濾清器上的放氣螺塞,檢查油路中是否有空氣, 如有應(yīng)排凈.如果空氣排不凈,應(yīng)檢查油管接頭是否松動(dòng)和油管有無破裂.檢查時(shí)可用干凈的毛巾將接頭和懷疑管線破裂的地方擦凈,再用手油泵泵油觀察,如果又出現(xiàn)柴油,說明該處松動(dòng)或破裂.
(2)用手油泵泵油,如果來油不暢,說明低壓油路中有堵塞現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)檢查油水分離器(粗濾器)、柴油濾清器及管路.特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是應(yīng)檢查油水分離器中的金屬濾芯是否堵塞.
(3)用手油泵泵油,并打開柴油濾清器上的旋緊螺塞,檢查柴油中是否有水珠,如果有水珠,應(yīng)放出油箱中的油水,重新加入合格的柴油.

(4)用手油泵泵油時(shí),感到?jīng)]有抽力,泵油多次不出油,即是手油泵活塞磨損過甚,或者閥被污染墊起,或磨損嚴(yán)重而密封不嚴(yán).應(yīng)檢修或更換手油泵,如果在泵油時(shí)感到有彈力和阻力,在手柄下壓時(shí)很痛快,而放開手柄能自動(dòng)回位,說明油泵的進(jìn)油管至油箱有阻塞之處.在這一點(diǎn)上將油箱至油水分離器,至輸油泵管線全部換成透明的耐壓塑料管,對(duì)油流和阻塞看得十分清楚.另外,手油泵蓋密封不好也會(huì)引起輸油泵泵油不良.
(5)通過上述檢查,如一切正常,應(yīng)檢查噴油泵的工作情況,檢查傳動(dòng)齒輪是否松脫打壞,噴油提前角是否變化,聯(lián)軸器固定螺栓是否松動(dòng).如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴油泵軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),應(yīng)拆卸油泵高壓油管接頭,用起動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),并將油門加大,如果噴油泵油管接頭松脫處沒有油流出,應(yīng)檢查和校驗(yàn)噴油泵.檢驗(yàn)噴油泵應(yīng)在油泵試驗(yàn)臺(tái)上進(jìn)行,按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)調(diào)正.

如果三菱發(fā)電機(jī)噴油泵校驗(yàn)后,噴油提前角一切正常,仍發(fā)動(dòng)不起來,應(yīng)拆卸噴油器,檢驗(yàn)噴油壓力,噴嘴霧化情況,如果霧化不良,也會(huì)造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的啟動(dòng)困難.

一定要按季節(jié)更換符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的柴油,防止柴油析蠟.

2 三菱發(fā)電機(jī)工作粗暴

2.1 故障現(xiàn)象
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不穩(wěn),伴隨著排氣管冒黑煙而產(chǎn)生類似金屬的敲擊聲.加速時(shí)敲擊聲加劇,高速時(shí)敲擊聲減弱或消失,怠速時(shí)又再現(xiàn)敲擊聲.

2.2 三菱發(fā)電機(jī)故障原因
(1)由于噴油泵聯(lián)軸器固定螺栓松動(dòng),造成提前角過大.
(2)燃油質(zhì)量差或各缸供油量不均勻,個(gè)別缸供油量過大.
(3)長期的高速運(yùn)行,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過高或產(chǎn)生爆燃.
(4)燃燒室積炭嚴(yán)重也會(huì)產(chǎn)生爆燃.

2.3 三菱發(fā)電機(jī)故障排除
及時(shí)調(diào)整供油提前角,并使用正確的燃油.

日本三菱發(fā)電機(jī)柴油機(jī)保養(yǎng)維修技巧

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是一部機(jī)器的核心部件，因此發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的保養(yǎng)與維修至關(guān)重要。下面談一談柴油機(jī)的保養(yǎng)與維修技巧。

一、保養(yǎng)技巧

1、三菱柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的“飛車”現(xiàn)象及應(yīng)急措施

“飛車”或超速是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)特有的一種現(xiàn)象。“飛車”時(shí)柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速失去控制，而且越來越快，以至超過允許的最高轉(zhuǎn)速并伴隨有巨大聲響，嚴(yán)重時(shí)導(dǎo)致機(jī)件損壞報(bào)廢。引起“飛車”主要原因有兩方面：一是噴油泵調(diào)速器本身的故障，使其喪失了正常的調(diào)整特性；另一方面是柴油機(jī)調(diào)速特性的改變，其特征是噴油泵調(diào)速器本身沒有故障，而柴油機(jī)在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中有額外柴油或機(jī)油進(jìn)入燃燒室燃燒。發(fā)生“飛車”現(xiàn)象應(yīng)采取緊急措施，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速高到一定程度時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生故障。制止超速的緊急措施有：

（1）迅速將加速踏板收回到停車位置。　

（2）有減速裝置的，迅速將減壓手柄拉到停油位置（或減壓位置）。

（3）及時(shí)掛入高速擋，踏下制動(dòng)踏板，緩抬離合器，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火。

（4）迅速斷開高壓油管，停止供油。

（5）迅速用衣服包緊空氣濾清器，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)斷氣熄火。

以上五步簡稱“減速、減壓、制動(dòng)、斷氣”。

2、　三菱發(fā)電機(jī)柴油機(jī)各缸工作情況檢查方法

柴油機(jī)各缸工作情況可在怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)用如下方法檢查：

（1）聽音法：用聽診器或借助金屬棒，靠近噴油器體的部位，傾聽各缸爆發(fā)的聲音，正常的聲音類似金屬敲擊“當(dāng)當(dāng)”的聲響。若只有“嗬嗬”連續(xù)不干脆的響聲時(shí)，則該缸供油太少或是沒有及時(shí)著火，如敲擊聲很大，說明該缸供油量太大或噴油時(shí)間過早。

（2）觀色法：柴油機(jī)工作正常時(shí)，排出的廢氣顏色為淡灰色，負(fù)荷大時(shí)略深。如排黑氣，說明可燃?xì)怏w燃燒不完全。排藍(lán)煙，表明潤滑油進(jìn)入氣缸內(nèi)燃燒。排白煙，則說明柴油機(jī)中有水，可燃?xì)怏w未燃燒也排白煙。排氣管連續(xù)排出不正常的煙色，說明個(gè)別缸工作不正常。

（3）感溫法：在柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)后的最初階段（工作一段時(shí)間后排氣管溫度很高，用手觸摸會(huì)燙傷）用手摸各缸排氣管的溫度，可鑒別各缸工作情況。如果各缸排氣管的溫度比其他缸高，說明該缸供油量偏高；若溫度低，則該缸供油量少、或不噴油、或噴油后沒完全燃燒或不燃燒。

（4）脈沖法：用手捏緊高壓油管，感覺噴油時(shí)的脈動(dòng)情況，脈動(dòng)小，爆發(fā)聲音弱，溫度低的缸供油量偏小。爆發(fā)聲音不正常和溫度高為噴油器噴油油壓下降，噴油霧化不良，或不能及時(shí)著火和完全燃燒。脈動(dòng)大，爆發(fā)聲音強(qiáng)，溫度高的缸為供油量偏大。爆發(fā)聲音弱和溫度低為噴油器孔或針閥卡死。

（5）斷油法：為了準(zhǔn)確判斷哪缸有故障，可逐缸切斷高壓油管至噴油器油路，即停止工作，以觀察柴油機(jī)工作情況的變化。當(dāng)切斷某缸油路時(shí)，若柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速和聲音沒有變化或變化不大，說明該缸工作正常。如間斷敲缸，排黑煙時(shí)，當(dāng)切斷某缸的油路后，故障現(xiàn)象消失，則說明故障在該缸。

3、　三菱發(fā)電機(jī)柴油機(jī)節(jié)油五法

（1）使用節(jié)油減煙器。將節(jié)油減煙器垂直固定在噴油泵的前端油路中，接上直流電源。在柴油機(jī)上使用，減煙顯著。既減少環(huán)境污染，又能節(jié)油5%左右。

（2）安裝慣性增壓器。在柴油機(jī)上安裝使用慣性增壓器，一般可提高功率15%，油耗下降3%～5%。

（3）在濾芯上包扎衛(wèi)生紙。在柴油機(jī)油濾芯上包扎2～3層吸附性強(qiáng)的衛(wèi)生紙，能提高油料清潔度，降低油耗。

（4）加裝泡沫塑料空氣濾芯。空氣濾清器兩層濾網(wǎng)中，增加一層透氣性能良好的8～20mm厚的泡沫塑料，可提高濾清效果，保住油料正常燃燒，降低油耗。

（5）回油管改道。把柴油機(jī)回油管接入高壓油管上，使回油進(jìn)入低壓油路，可保證正常燃燒，節(jié)油效果十分顯著。

 small debris, not only will spill, also directly affect the engine work.

With: in asbestos pad, pad of paper, all kinds of plugs and oil paint stone. Stone cotton to wipe thin and uniform, not too thick, not to pad the whole face with, only apply the local oil spill.

Grinding: grinding or cutting parts of the surface, its role is to restore the surface smoothness and precision, so that the pipe joint or gasket after grinding can remain sealed, no oil leakage.

Tight: seal tightness to fit, not too tight or too loose. Such as diesel various contact surfaces and the sealing nut, must maintain proper tightness.

In 2, the cylinder pressure. In order to ensure there is enough pressure in the cylinder, piston and cylinder clearance, piston ring end gap, edge must conform to the requirements, the valve and valve seat sealing, the front end of the injector cylinder gasket sealing better, better, and thickness to meet the requirements.

In 3, the volume of the combustion chamber. Diesel engine repair after often causes the volume of the combustion chamber is changed, change the original compression ratio, directly affects the normal operation of diesel engine. Combustion chamber volume change factors are: the position of the piston is reversed, the thickness of cylinder head gasket properly, a crank connecting rod mechanical wear or bending, swirl chamber insert mismatch, the large valve sinkage. During repairs, to respond to these situations of attention.

In 4, it closed when. Timing closing including fuel injection timing and valve timing, if the oil supply is not positive, S195, X195 diesel engine with fuel injection pump and the gear chamber cover between the shim adjustment, each change 0.1mm thick shim, equivalent to the flywheel arc length6.3mm. If the gas is insufficient, should first check and correct timing gear installed on the error, and then adjust the valve clearance, clearance of valve changes each0.1mm, variation of crank angle3 °, equivalent to the flywheel arc length11.1mM, adjustment should be paid attention to when piston compression to the TDC, inlet, exhaust valve clearance ( cold state ) cannot be less than 0.2mm, to prevent mechanical thermal expansion valve closed, lax, or the valve head impact piston.

5," filter". Air filter technical status is not good, lead dust into the cylinder, piston rings, cylinder speed, valve and valve seat of early wear, startup difficulties caused by the decline of power. Diesel, oil filter technical status is not good, will make the impurities into the relevant parts, resulting in three precision coupling of early wear and tear, acceleration of the crankshaft and bearing wear, serious person can cause early rejection diesel engine.

In 6, diesel fuel spray off. Plunger vice, an oil outlet valve side and injector needle Deputy technical status is not good, will cause the atomization of the fuel injector of diesel engine starting is difficult, bad, incomplete combustion, coke increased, resulting in reduction of engine power, fuel consumption increase, therefore, the fuel system, especially the precision coupling of careful check.

In 7, the through hole and the hole clearance. (1) the through hole clearance: now take S195 diesel engine as an example, bearing, bushing5through holes in the mounting to it.

A, main bearing. Each of the main bearing oil groove on drill oil hole, respectively, and the cylinder body, the shaft neck hole communicated with the oil, when installed, as long as the main bearing flange notch on the quasi-steady pin, can prevent the main bearing rotation, ensuring the oil hole alignment, so that the lubricating oil path smooth operator, to avoid damage.

B, rocker arm bushing. To the rocker arm is pressed into the Bush, such as holes are not aligned, rocker shaft and bushing can be due to lack of lubrication friction and loss, so that the valve gap becomes large, resulting in serious percussion sound.